通过分析不同栽培模式玉米关键生育时期光合生理、碳氮代谢和产量,探讨东北北部地区不同栽培模式玉米产量差异及形成原因,为提升区域玉米生产能力提供理论依据和技术支持。以黑龙江省第一积温带主栽品种‘京农科728’为试验材料,采用大区对比试验设计,设置常规垄作(CK)、二比空(M1)和大垄双行(M2) 3个种植方式处理,配合施用玉米专用控释肥600kg/hm²。2017-2018连续2年研究了不同栽培模式对生育关键期玉米功能叶片光合生理、碳氮代谢和产量的影响,分析了不同栽培模式灌浆期玉米穗位叶净光合速率、瞬时光能利用效率、瞬时水分利用效率、表观叶肉导度和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶、丙酮酸磷酸双激酶、苹果酸酶、苹果酸脱氢酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶以及硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性等光合生理、碳氮代谢指标的变化规律。与CK相比,M2叶绿素含量、净光合速率、瞬时光能利用效率和叶肉表观导度分别提高了9.80%、27.68%、27.72%和49.58%；核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶、丙酮酸磷酸二激酶、苹果酸酶、苹果酸脱氢酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性分别提高了6.69%、15.98%、4.65%、5.49%和33.42%；硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性分别提高了15.14%、17.80%、54.99%和27.73%；2017和2018年M2分别增产12.60%和17.59%。适宜的栽培模式可促进玉米生长发育,利于改善生育关键期玉米功能性叶片光合生理特性和碳、氮代谢关键酶活性,进而提高玉米产量。本研究推荐,东北北部地区玉米适宜的栽培模式为136cm大垄双行种植方式,配合施用玉米专用控释肥600kg/hm²。

In order to investigate the differences and its formation reasons of maize yield of different cultivation patterns in north of northeast China, yield and characteristics of the photosynthetic physiology, carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of the functional leaf in key growth and development stage of different cultivation patterns were analyzed to provide theoretical basis and technical support for enhancements of regional maize production capacity further. Using the introduced cultivation variety of the first accumulated temperature zone of Heilongjiang province ‘Jingnongke 728’ as experimental materials and adopting the regional contrast design, the normal ridge (CK), two-by-empty (M1) and double lines width ridge (M2) assisting in the application of controlled release fertilizer for maize 600 kg/hm² were built to study the effects of different cultivation patterns on characteristics of photosynthetic physiological, Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of maize functional leaves and yield during the critical period for continuous two years. Meanwhile, the change rules of photosynthetic physiological indexes of net photosynthetic rate, instantaneous light energy use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency and apparent mesophyll conductance, photosynthetic biochemical indexes of activities of 1, 5 - diphosphate ribulose double phosphate carboxylase, pyruvate kinase, malic acid, malate dehydrogenase and enol phosphate type pyruvate carboxylase and activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthetase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase were also analyzed. Compared with CK, the content of chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, utilization efficiency of instantaneous light energy and mesophyll apparent conductivity of M2 increased by 9.80%, 27.68%, 27.72% and 49.58% respectively; the activity of ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase, pyruvate phosphate dikinase, malic acid, malic acid dehydrogenase and phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxylase of M2 increased by 6.69%, 15.98%, 4.65%, 5.49% and 33.42% respectively; the activity of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase of M2 increased by 15.14%, 17.80%, 54.99% and 27.73% respectively; yield of M2 also increased by 12.60% and 17.59% in year 2017 and 2018 respectively. The suitable cultivation patterns could improve growth and development of maize, which is in favor of photosynthetic characteristics and key enzyme activities of functional leaf in late growth stage and improves maize yield. The study recommends the suitable planting pattern for maize production in north of northeast China is the 136cm double lines width ridge assisting in the application of controlled release fertilizer for maize 600 kg/hm².

本研究由黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2019C060)、国家重点研发计划“粮食丰产增效科技创新”重点专项(2017YFD0300505-1)、国家重点研发计划“化学肥料和农药减施增效综合技术研发”重点专项(2017YFD0201803-4)和国家玉米产业技术体系专项资金资助项目”(CARS-02-34) 资助。 Studies on Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Maize of Different Cultivation Patterns