[关键词]
[摘要]
根据气候、地形地貌、玉米熟制特点等将云南省分为4个玉米主要种植区,运用测土配方和实地采样数据,结合GIS插值方法分析土壤养分及pH空间变异状况,再利用GIS将氮磷钾肥推荐用量空间化并进行叠加分析,玉米专用肥配方制定以总养分浓度(N+P2O5+K2O)45%为原则,形成区域配方及策略。结果表明,滇东北亚热带玉米区(Ⅰ区)建议适当增加氮磷肥用量,提倡氮肥深施和分期施用,推荐配方以23-11-11和19-17-9为主(为专用肥氮磷钾养分含量比例,即N-P2O5-K2O);滇西北亚热带玉米区(Ⅱ区)有机质,氮磷钾含量充分,建议调减氮磷化肥用量,少施或不施用钾肥,配方以15-19-11为主;滇中亚热带玉米区(Ⅲ区)土壤有机质含量较低,建议增施有机肥,提倡有机无机施用,以15-18-23、15-19-11和18-9-18为主流配方;滇南亚热带玉米区(Ⅳ区)土壤pH低于6.5,土壤氮磷钾贫乏,建议适时增施石灰,改善土壤酸碱度,增加氮磷肥施用比例,高效施用钾肥,配方以19-12-14、15-15-15和15-8-23为主。根据土壤养分和pH状况提出适宜于不同玉米种植区的施肥策略,有利于分区养分资源高效管理。
[Key word]
[Abstract]
Based on the characteristics of climate, topography and maize cropping systems, we divided Yunnan Province into four main maize planting zones. Then through collecting the data of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation project and the database of soil survey and sampling, we analyzed the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and pH in different maize zones with the aid of the GIS platform and Kriging method. Finally, the maize formula figure was formed, whose total nutrients were designed to 45%, using overlay analysis of N, P and K fertilizer recommendation dosage map by GIS. The results showed that: the best way to improve utilization efficiency of nutrients in tropical maize zone of northeast Yunnan (Zone Ⅰ) was to appropriately increase the dosage of N and P fertilizer, and the manner of deep application and stage application of N fertilizer was promoted. The recommendation formulae of N-P2O5-K2O for maize in Zone Ⅰ were 23-11-11 and 19-17-9( NPK nutrient content ratios of special compound fertilizer). Soil nutrients, including organic matter, N, P, and K, were obviously higher in subtropical maize zone of northwest Yunnan (Zone Ⅱ), the dosage of N and P fertilizer should be decreased whereas lower or no K fertilizer should be applied in this zone. Formula for maize in Zone Ⅱ was 15-19-11. For tropical maize zone in the central of Yunnan (Zone Ⅲ), due to lacking of SOM, increasing the proportion of organic fertilization, and mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizer can efficiently improve utilization of cultivated land nutrients. Formulae for maize in Zone Ⅲ were 15-8-23, 15-19-11 and 18-9-18. Due to the acidity of soil pH (< 6.5) and lacking of soil N, P and K in tropical maize zone of south Yunnan (Zone Ⅳ), the proportion of N and P fertilizer should be increased, and K fertilizer should be efficiently applied. Meanwhile adding lime was a good approach to improve soil pH in this zone. Formulae for maize in Zone Ⅳ were 19-12-14, 15-15-15 and 15-8-23. According to the soil nutrient and pH conditions, the fertilization strategies suitable for different maize planting zones were put forward, which was beneficial to the efficient management of nutrient resources in different zones.
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[基金项目]
国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0200207)、国家自然科学(31460551)、云南省教育厅科学研究项目基金(51600609)