为探索玉米单交种随年代演进的变化规律及响应秸秆还田的作用特征，本试验选用1970s-2000s典型玉米单交种及其亲本自交系共12个基因型为试验材料，以秸秆不还田为对照，研究秸秆还田条件下，其产量性状和品质性状的变化规律。研究结果表明：自1970年代至2000年代，玉米单交种及其亲本的产量同步增加，这种增产效应在秸秆还田条件下表现更优。秸秆还田条件下，2000s较1990s、1980s、1970s单交种增产7.23%-25.56%，母本增产12.05%-30.38%，父本增产9.80%-32.74%；秸秆不还田条件下，单交种增产5.92%-13.98%，母本增产11.41%-28.54%，父本增产9.96%-32.31%。单交种籽粒蛋白质含量与脂肪含量呈下降趋势，淀粉含量与容重呈上升趋势。与秸秆不还田相比较，秸秆还田条件下1970s-2000s玉米单交种籽粒蛋白质含量增加1.82%-7.37%，淀粉含量增加3.12%-3.92%，脂肪含量增加6.38%-20.00%，容重增加0.92%-1.28%。由此可见，新老品种演替过程中，品种的产量及籽粒容重逐步提高，秸秆还田对各年代玉米单交种的产量性状和容重的提高程度产生一定促进作用，这种促进作用对于现代品种的影响较老品种更大。

In order to explore the characteristics of evolution on different eras of maize and their parental inbred lines,the trial was conducted taking the maize hybrid and their parental inbred lines respectively from 1970 to 2000 decade, 12 altogether maize germplasm resource as trial materials. Under the condition of straw returning treatment, the indexes of yield and kernel quality was measured compare with the check of no strew returning treatment. The results showed that the yield of maize hybrids and their parental inbred lines increased simultaneously during the process of maize varieties improvement from the eras of 1970s to 2000s. The content of protein and fat in maize kernel were decreased while the content of starch and volume weight increased. Straw returning to soil had a significant effect on the yield and quality traits of maize hybrids, among which the new variety had a greater response to straw returning than the old variety.

国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFD0300802)；国家自然科学基金课题(31360304)；农业部华北黄土高原地区作物栽培科学观测实验站(25204120)；国家玉米产业技术体系(CARS-02-63)；内蒙古自治区作物栽培与遗传改良重点实验室资助