依托贵州省农业部耕地保育与农业环境科学观测试验站，分析2018~2020年不同处理土壤养分、玉米产量、土壤氮、磷平衡的差异，筛选出集增产、土壤养分维系及生态环境保护为一体的施肥模式。结果表明：（1）秸秆添加后，土壤有机质、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷含量均有提高，其中，T4（氮、磷减量10%，秸秆粉碎翻压还田）土壤养分含量高于其他处理。（2）秸秆还田能提高作物产量，且其增产效果随还田时间的增加逐渐明显；T1处理（不施肥、秸秆不还田）玉米经济产量逐年降低，其他处理产量均显著高于T1处理。秸秆还田伴随氮、磷化肥减施并不会降低产量和玉米收获指数。（3）不施肥处理土壤氮素表现为亏缺，各施肥处理土壤氮素均有盈余，其中，T4处理土壤氮盈余量随时间增加有下降趋势，T5处理（氮、磷减量30%，秸秆粉碎翻压还田）氮盈余量最低。（4）不施肥处理土壤磷素亏缺，各施肥处理磷盈余量为165.41~270.16 kg·hm-2；相较T2处理，秸秆还田伴随氮、磷化肥减施磷盈余量略有降低，对降低环境污染风险具有积极意义。可见，秸秆还田伴随化肥减施能提升土壤养分含量、增加玉米产量、减轻环境污染风险，且综合结果显示T4处理较优。

Relying on the scientific observation experimental station of Guizhou, soil nutrients, maize yield and balance content of soil nitrogen and phosphorus under different treatments from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed, designed to find the proper fertilization mode that integrating yield increase, soil nutrient maintenance and ecological environment protection. The results showed that: (1) After adding straw, the contents of organic matter, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil were all increased, and the nutrient content of T4 (nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer are reduced by 10%, straw crushing and returning to the field) were higher than other treatments. (2) Straw returning can increase maize yield, and its increased with the returning time; yield of T1 treatment (no fertilizer, no straw returning to the field) decreased year by year, and yield of other treatments were significantly higher than that. Straw returning to the field with reduced chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application will not decreased the maize yield and the crop harvest index. (3) No fertilization application treatment showed a deficit in soil nitrogen, and all fertilization treatments had surplus nitrogen. Among them, the surplus nitrogen of T4 treatment decreased with time, and the surplus nitrogen of T5 treatment (nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer are reduced by 30%, straw crushing and returning to the field) was the lowest. (4) No fertilization application treatment showed a deficit in soil phosphorus, and the phosphorus surplus of each fertilization treatment was 165.41~270.16 kg·hm-2. Compared with T2 treatment, the surplus of phosphorus in the treatment of straw returning with reduced application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer decreased slightly, which is of positive significance to reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, adding straw with reduced application of chemical fertilizer can improve soil nutrient content, increase maize yield and reduce environmental pollution risk, and the comprehensive results show that T4 treatment is better.

贵州省科技支撑计划（黔科合支撑[2018]2340）；国家自然科学基金（32060302）；黔农科院基础性公益性专项[2021]06号；省科技平台及人才团队计划（黔科合平台人才[2018]5604号）；中央引导地方科技发展专项黔科中引地[2019]4003号