东北是中国重要的商品粮生产基地，在保证国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展中占有重要位置。然而，长期“重用轻养”的经营模式导致土壤严重退化，生产能力下降，粮食生产“压舱石”的作用发生动摇风险，如何实现东北黑土保护性利用是当前农业领域研究热点。玉米是东北第一大粮食作物，占整个东北耕地播种面积的50%以上，长期旋耕起垄玉米连作的耕作制度导致土壤退化加剧，同时导致玉米秸秆“过剩”，焚烧现象严重，秸秆还田率低等问题。因此，如何通过耕作制度改革，解决东北现行耕作制度中存在的主要问题迫在眉睫。本文从土壤耕层结构、土壤侵蚀、土壤肥力和秸秆还田现状四个方面总结传统耕作制度存在的主要问题；归纳当前东北地区主要的新型耕作制度模式，并分析优点与不足；最后，展望了东北地区新型耕作制度发展方向，为东北黑土地保护与利用以及农业可持续发展提供借鉴。

Northeast region is an important commodity grain production base in China, which plays a dominant role in ensuring national food security and agricultural sustainable development. However, farmland was overused without proper attention to the maintenance of its fertility for a long-term, this management model has led to serious soil degradation, decreased soil productivity, and the risk of destabilizing the role of "ballast stone" in grain production. Therefore, how to realize the protection utilization of cultivated land resources in northeast region has become a research focus in the current agricultural field. Maize is the largest grain crop in northeast region, accounting for more than 50% of the whole sown area in this region. The long-term cropping system of ridging and succession maize leaded to the aggravation of soil degradation, and results to the problems of excess maize straws, serious burning and lower straw returning rate. Thus, how to solve the main problems existing in the current tillage system in northeast region through the reform of tillage system is extremely urgent. This paper summarized the main problems of traditional farming system from four aspects: soil tillage layer structure, soil erosion, soil fertility, and straw returning status. By summarizing the main new tillage system models in northeast region, and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Finally, the development direction of the new tillage system in northeast region was prospected, trying to provide reference for the protection and utilization of the black soil and the sustainable development of agriculture in northeast China.

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