采用田间小区试验,设置常规施肥(U 240 kg N.hm_^-2),包膜控释肥料(CU 180 kg N.hm_^-2)、双效抑制剂增效肥料(DU 180kg N.hm_^-2)、添加生物炭保护层的抑制剂增效肥料(BU 180 kg N.hm_^-2)一次性施肥以及缺氮对照(CK)5种施肥处理,研究对夏玉米生长、产量、氨挥发和土壤无机氮残留的影响。结果表明,一次性施肥显著增加了苗期无机氮的供应,在大喇叭口期维持一定的供氮强度,其中BU处理供氮较高,可以较好的满足玉米关键时期氮素的需求。与U处理相比,一次性减量施肥对营养生长的影响不明显,产量未出现下降。3个一次性施肥处理氮肥农学效率显著增加,且BU处理显著高于DU和CU处理。一次性施肥显著降低了生育期氨挥发损失,与U处理相比DU、CU、BU分别降低63%、58%和54%；收获后CU处理0-90cm土壤硝态氮残留减少29%,铵态氮增加60%。三种缓控释肥减量一次性施用均可维持较高的产量并降低环境影响。不同缓控释肥的无机氮供应存在明显差异,与聚合物包膜控释肥相比,双效抑制剂增效肥制作简单成本低,氮素释放快供应充足,添加生物炭保护层可以进一步促进增产增效。

A field experiment was conducted with 5 treatments: (1) control (CK) : no N fertilizer was applied; (2) conventional fertilization (U) : traditional urea with a total amount of 240 kg N.hm_^-2 applied by two splits, basal N: top dressing N =2:3; (3) synergistic urea (DU) : double-effect inhibitor synergistic urea was mixed with traditional urea =2:1, and the amount of N applied was 180 kg N.hm_^-2, and one-off fertilization was applied. (4) coated urea (CU) : resin-coated controlled release urea is mixed with traditional urea =1:2, at rate of 180 kg N.hm_^-2 by one-off application; (5) biochar synergistic urea (BU) : biochar synergistic urea and common urea were mixed at 2:1 at rate of 180 kg N.hm_^-2 by one-off fertilization, to verify the trait of nitrogen (N) supply, summer maize yield and environmental impacts in a one-off application of different type controlled/slow release fertilizers. The results showed that the three one-off fertilization treatments significantly increased mineral N supply in the early stage, and maintained a certain N supply intensity in the big bell stage; the N supply of the BU treatment was higher than the other two treatments, which could better meet the N demand of maize in the key periods. Compared with U treatment, one-off fertilization with 25% N reduction did not produce an obvious effect on maize growth and yield. The agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer in the three one-off fertilization treatments increased significantly, and the BU treatment was significantly higher than the DU and CU treatments. The NH₃ emission of DU, CU and BU treatments decreased remarkably by 63%, 58% and 54% in comparison with the U treatment, respectively. After harvest, the 0-90 cm soil nitrate N residues in the three one-off treatments decreased by 6-29%, showing a lower N leaching risk. In Conclusion, one-off application of the controlled/slow release fertilizers by 25% reduction can sustain a high-level yield and reduce environmental impacts. The mineral N supply from the three types of controlled/slow release fertilizers showed significant differences. In comparison to polymer-coated urea, the manufacture of double effect inhibitor synergistic urea is simpler, lower cost, and the N release is faster, resulting in sufficient supply. The double effect inhibitor synergistic urea added with biochar protective layer can further promote yield and N use efficiency.