[关键词]
[摘要]
本研究在山东省不同生态区包括鲁中(济南市、淄博市)、鲁南(临沂市)和鲁东(烟台招远市)设置玉米大田试验,供试品种为郑单958、登海605和鲁单510,于玉米成熟期进行样品采集与分析,探究不同夏玉米品种的产量及氮素吸收和利用特性。结果表明,鲁单510株高与登海605相似或略高于郑单958,但鲁单510穗位较低。吐丝后45天,鲁单510和登海605的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著高于郑单958,分别平均较郑单958高出102.2%、86.9%和126.9%,但各参数在鲁单510和登海605间无显著差异。成熟期各品种籽粒产量和地上部生物量累积在不同生态区一致表现为招远>济南≥淄博>临沂。但不同品种在各试验点表现不同。在济南和淄博,鲁单510产量较郑单958分别高出9.0%和17.0%,较登海605分别高出2.9%和20.4%。在淄博和招远,鲁单510地上部生物量较郑单958分别高出18.5%和10.2%,较登海605分别高出14.2%和13.8%;在其他试验点,鲁单510的产量和生物量较其他两个品种略有增加,但品种间差异不显著。鲁单510的地上部氮素积累量(TNU)除济南试验点外均显著高于郑单958,略高于登海605且在招远试验点达到显著水平。在各试验点,鲁单510的氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)较郑单958和登海605分别平均高出3.8和2.7个百分点,氮肥吸收效率(NUE)分别平均高出18.4%和15.7%。相关性分析结果表明,籽粒产量与千粒重(r=0.561**)、穗粒数(r=0.426*)、地上部生物量(r=0.946**)和氮素积累量(r=0.876**)均呈显著正相关关系。综合认为,鲁单510穗位较低,有利于降低倒伏的发生。在籽粒灌浆后期具有较高的光合特性,有利于维持籽粒灌浆期较高的干物质生产和籽粒灌浆能力(较高的千粒重),具有较高的氮素吸收能力(例如较高的TNU和NUE)及其向籽粒的分配能力(例如较高的籽粒氮素积累量和籽粒氮浓度)和较高的氮肥利用效率(例如较高的PFPN),为该区域高产及氮高效玉米品种选择提供理论依据。
[Key word]
[Abstract]
Field experiments were conducted in different ecological zones including central (Jinan and Zibo cities), southern (Linyi city) and eastern (Zhaoyuan of Yantai city) regions of Shandong Province. Three maize varieties including Zhengdan 958 (ZD958), Denghai 605(DH605) and Ludan 510 (LD510) were selected and planted at different test sites. Samples were collected at maturity and the related parameters were analyzed to investigate the yield and nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization characteristics of different summer maize varieties. The results showed that the plant height of LD510 was similar to DH605, and both slightly higher than that of ZD958, but the ear height of LD510 was lower. At 45 days after silking, the photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of both LD510 and DH605 were significantly higher than those of ZD958. The average Pn, Tr and Gs of LD510 and DH605 were 102.2%, 86.9% and 126.9% higher than those of ZD958, respectively, but there was no significant difference in these photosynthetic parameters among the three maize varieties. At maturity, the grain yield and aboveground biomass accumulation of each maize variety in different ecological zones consistently decreased in order of Zhaoyuan >Jinan ≥ Zibo>Linyi. However, different maize varieties showed different performance at each test site. In Jinan and Zibo, the grain yield of LD510 was 9.0% and 17.0% higher than that of ZD958, and 2.9% and 20.4% higher than that of DH605, respectively. In Zibo and Zhaoyuan, the aboveground biomass of LD510 was 18.5% and 10.2% higher than that of ZD958, and 14.2% and 13.8% higher than that of DH605. In the other test sites, LD510 had slightly higher grain yield and aboveground biomass compared with ZD958 and DH605, but there was no significant difference among the three maize varieties. The aboveground N accumulation (TNU) of LD510 was significantly higher than that of Z958 with an exception of a non-significant increase in Jinan. The aboveground N accumulation of LD510 was slightly higher than that of DH605 at different locations with an exception of a significant increase in Zhaoyuan. On average, LD510 had 3.8 and 2.7 percentage points higher N partial productivity (PFPN) and 18.4% and 15.7% more N uptake efficiency (NUE) than ZD958 and DH605, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield was positively correlated with 1000-grain weight (r=0.561**), kernel number per ear (r=0.426*), aboveground biomass (r=0.946**) and TNU (r=0.876**). In conclusion, the lower ear height of LD510 was beneficial to reduce lodging. In addition, LD510 had also higher photosynthetic characteristics at the late grain filling stage, which is conducive to maintaining higher dry matter production and grain filling capacity (e.g. higher 1000-grain weight). LD510 had higher N uptake capacity (e.g. TNU and NUE) and distribution capacity to grains (e.g. higher N accumulation and N concentration in grain) and higher N utilization efficiency (e.g. higher PFPN). These results will provide a theoretical basis for the selection of maize varieties with both high grain yield and high N efficiency in this area.
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[基金项目]
十四五国家重点研发计划课题(2021YFD1901003)、山东省科技特派员项目(2022DXAL0125)、山东省泰山学者特聘专家项目(No.ts201712082)、山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QC115)、山东省农业科学院创新人才引进、山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2021TSGC1224)